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Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, annually more than half a million women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. A course of treatment, however, is very expensive and a full one-year course of treatment for a single patient costs more than 2000,000,000 IRR. In this study, the feasibility of trastuzumab production in tobacco plants (N. tabacum) using A. tumefaciens-mediated stable transformation was investigated. Leaf explants of tobacco cv. Gewone groene were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbouring the binary vectors pBIN19-NTopTras-LC and pBIN19-NTopTras-HC containing the genes encoding heavy and light chains (HC and LC respectively) of trastuzumab. Southern blot analysis demonstrated the integration of 1-3 copies of the transgenes into the tobacco genome. The expression of transgenes at RNA transcription level was revealed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Protein accumulation in plants was detected by western blot analysis and antibody content were ca. 0.1% of total soluble protein in transgenic plants. Immunoblot analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that trastuzumab accumulates within plants, mostly in the fully assembled tetrameric )H2L2 (form. T1 progeny analysis confirmed stable inheritance and co-segregation of the introduced transgenes as a single dominant Mendelian locus. The results of the present study indicate that plants can be used as an alternative platform for the cost-effective production of high value pharmaceutical proteins. This study for the first time represented the first crucial step towards the development of a plant-derived trastuzumab in our country.

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Many biotic and abiotic stresses bring about oxidative stress in plants. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase are among important antioxidant enzymes rendering a conservational role against variety of stressors. The present work was formulated in order to determine gene expression and enzymatic activities of the enzymes. For this aim, two various genotypes of bread wheat, i.e. Tajan and Promosing line#10, were subjected to an experiment under greenhouse condition; the former is susceptible and the latter is resistant to Septoria tritici (SG and RG, respectively). The plants were inoculated with S. tritici spores and the inoculated leaf samples were collected from the second leaf at different times (from 3-h to 21-d). Expression levels of POD and PPO genes were measured via qRT-PCR method. Moreover, enzymatic activities were specified after obtaining enzymatic extracts. The results acquired from determination of gene expressions revealed that SG experienced higher expression levels of POD genes than control sample except for the first and 21st days after inoculation. On the contrary, the gene’s transcripts were found to be higher in RG than control. In addition, the number of POD transcripts in SG was undermined by that in RG. PPO transcripts in SG increased 3 hours after inoculation followed by a considerable plunge compared with control sample. The transcripts were found to be more in RG than control sample peaking 10 days after inoculation. Furthermore, POD transcripts were detected to be higher in RG than SG at all times. Peroxidase activity in RG peaked after 21st day compared to control and SG. PPO activity was found to be higher in RG than control and SG at all times. It was concluded that PPO and POD enzymes seem to render considerable roles in resistance to STB.

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T he SOX9 gene is one of the important transcription factors in the development of many tissues and organs, particularly in sex determination and chondrogenesis among vertebrates. Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) is one of the most important species that is native to the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. This species due to economic value and early maturation compared to other farmed species such as Beluga is considered as main candidate species for aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characterization of partial sequence of SOX9 and its expression in various tissues using Real Time PCR. Ten different tissues of Persian sturgeon (gills, pyloric, spleen, gonads, kidney, intestine, heart, skin, liver and muscle) were analyzed. Sequence analysis revealed a 210-bp cDNA and then it registered in NCBI gene bank (KP300013). The results showed that the SOX9 mRNA was detected in most tissues and the maximum expression was measured in gill (0.26±0.5). According to the present results, it seems that in early stages, SOX9 may have a lesser role in sex determination and more involved in other developmental processes such as cartilage forming.

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Salinity is a major problems in a wide area of Iran. Oligosaccharides of Raffinose family (RFOs) perform several physiological functions in plants such as accumulation of the suger in response to salt stress during seed forming. The synthesis of galactinol, mediated by galactinol synthase (GAS), is the first committed step in RFO formation. In order to resist to salinity, plants not only use osmotic regulation but also use a mechanism for increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes. In the present study, In order to determine GAS gene expression level, the role of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and gayacol peroxidase (GPX), carbohydrat and proline levels in 3 selected Sistanian melon landraces (Cucumis melo L.) which are under salinity, a factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications experiment was done in Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of Zabol University. Four concentrations including 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl were used in this study. RNA was extracted from leaf samples and cDNA was designed using reverse transcription. The result showed that GAS gene expression increased by increasing salinity level from 0 to 150 mM. In comparison with control, in the highest level of salinity (150 Mm) GAS gene expression level increased 10.2-fold in Tashekandi landrace, 7.3-fold in Atashshirazi landrace and 19.79-fold in Sefidak landrace. The gene has the highest level of expression in Sefidak landrace comparing to other landraces. When salinity stress increased in three melon landraces of Tashekandi, Atashshirazi and Sefidak, antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) 85.9, 63.2 and 87.1 percent, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 68.89, 36.48 and 92.81 percent, gayacol peroxidase (GPX) 89.25, 72.84 and 70.37 percent, carbohydrat 40.2, 84.4 and 92.8 percent and proline 86.6, 69.8 and 89.4 percent increased in comparison to control.It seems that expression of GAS gene synthesizes the sugars of raffinose family in three selected melon landraces in such condition which is effective for plant protection against the environmental stresses. This can help the plant for enduring under the salinity stress. It also provides the condition for plant endurance through the activity of two systems the enzyme activity increase and osmotic regulations.

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Combined analysis of transcript and metabolite profiling data presents a new and meaningful approach in the identification of candidate genes for changing the metabolic composition of a biological system. Holistic understanding of the biological behavior of a complex system enables the careful tracking of the response of an organism to conditional perturbations at different molecular and genetic levels. The availability of species with specific genomic and metabolomics resources creates new opportunities to investigate the biosynthesis and regulation of alkaloid metabolism in opium poppy. The relationship between expression of genes which encode Thebaine-6-O-demethylase, Codeine-O-demethylase and Codeine Reductase enzymes and the amount of codeine and morphine as corresponding products, and thebaine as precursor of the pathway in different parts of adult plants were studied. The results for T6ODM showed the lowest expression in roots and the highest in the upper part of the stems. The lowest and highest levels of transcripts for CODM were observed in roots and leaves, respectively. Leaves and upper part of stem had the lowest and highest level of COR transcripts. The predominant alkaloid of roots was thebaine and leaves had the lowest amount of thebaine. Surprisingly, although morphine and codeine were not detected in the roots, while, capsules had the highest amount of the metabolites. Despite of coordination between alkaloids rates in different parts of plants, coordinate regulation among transcript levels and morphinan alkaloids rates were not observed. Although, capsules had the maximum levels of codeine and morphine, the levels of transcripts encoded biosynthetic enzymes which convert thebaine into codeine and morphine were not at maximum levels. Therefore presumably molecular, biochemical and cellular factors other than the transcript level affect the accumulation of metabolites in specific tissues.

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Medicinal plants have a range of significant impacts on human health due to their valuable bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) belongs to the family of Astracease, is one of the important medicinal plants which produces several types of secondary metabolites such as triterpenoid saponins. Triterpenoid saponins are the most important terpene compounds, which are often in glycosylated form as valuable substances have many applications in industry and medicine. β-amyrin synthase, an important member of the oxidosqualene cyclases family of enzymes in plants, play a crucial role in triterpene saponin biosynthesis. Because of the importance of saponins in chicory plants, partial isolation and expression of the encoding gene of β-amyrin synthase was aimed. RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, partial cloning and nucleotide sequencing were successfully performed. Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of the partial coding regions revealed that the partial isolated β-amyrin synthase gene in chicory is very similar to the β-amyrin synthase in other plant species, particularly Aster and Artemisia. Additionally, transcript gene expression analysis with semi-quantitative RT-PCR method and using GAPDH as reference gene was performed in leaf and root tissues of two different chicory genotypes. Results illustrated that expression levels of β-amyrin in root tissues was significantly higher than those in leaf tissues. Moreover, the transcript level of β-amyrin was considerably different between the two genotypes. The results of this study can be used in a complementary basic research in chicory and also to increase saponins through metabolic engineering.

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GTP cyclohydrolase I (gtpch I, EC 3.5.4.16) catalyzes the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate and formic acid through a complex series of reactions. This reaction is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of FH4 (tetrahydrofolate) in plants and certain microorganisms, and BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) in mammals. Folates are comprised of a pABA (p-aminobenzoate) unit condensed with a pterin ring derived from GTP and a variable number of glutamate moieties. The expression analysis of a gtpch I gene was studied under abiotic and oxidative stress conditions in grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Askari) leaf by Semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The grape gtpch I gene was found to be differentially induced under abiotic stress conditions. The transcript level of Vvgtpch I was decrease under abiotic stress conditions such as drought, salt, and heat. Under diamide, AlCl3, ABA, and SA treatments, it was also decreased the transcripts amount of Vvgtpch I, whereas its expression was increased under H2O2, CuSO4, CdCl3, and CoCl2.

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Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a member of a Lamiaceae family, is used in traditional Iranian medicine. Essential oils of basil leaves are composed of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids which are important in treatment of diarrhea, coughs, warts, worms and kidney malfunctions. The valuable compound of methylchavicol makes up the bulk of plant volatile oils which recently raised researcher's attention due to its medicinal value and pharmacological activities, especially as a migraine prophylaxis agent. Chavicol O-methyl transferase (CVOMTs) is a key enzyme in phenylpropanoid pathway. It catalyzes the methylation of chavicol, to produce methyl chavicol. In current research, to explore the formation and transcriptional control exerted on these pathways, mRNA accumulation profiles of key gene in the biosynthesis pathway of methylchavicol were evaluated in the three chemotypes of O. basilicum under three treatments of water deficit stress (S1: 75% FC, S2: 50% FC and S3: 25% FC) using quantitative real-time PCR. In order to study key biosynthetic pathway accurately gene expression pattern methylchavicol combination under water deficit stress, isolation, characterization and functional analysis of promoter of CVOMTs (pCVOMTs) was investigated for the first time. The study profile of gene expression of CVOMTs indicated that the transcript accumulation of this gene was significantly affected by chemotypes and water stress levels. The level of transcripts of CVOMT gene was gradually up-regulated and then sharply increased to mainly detectable levels under S2 in cultivar 3. The analysis of promoter of CVOMT gene (pCVOMTs) revealed that pCVOMTs contained some important cis-acting element like high temperature and water stress- response related elements. So, in the chemotype 3, the increase of gene expression is related to the binding site of transcription factor that is excied by water deficit stress.

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In this experiment, effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on some physiologo-molecular responses were studied in two chickpea (Cicer arietimun L.) genotypes differing in cold sensitivity (tolerant, Sel96Th11439 and susceptible, ILC533) during cold stress (4°C). The data analysis showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content increased significantly under cold stress in susceptible plants than in tolerant ones. TiO2 NPs caused a significant decrease in H2O2 content, so that tolerant plants had lower H2O2 content than susceptible ones. This decrease often was accompanied with higher ascorbate peroxidase activity to cell protection against cold stress in tolerant plants compared to susceptible plants, as well as in plants treated with TiO2 NPs compared to control plants. That indicated increased tolerance degree to cold as the result of protection of cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also, in plants treated with TiO2 NPs Ascorbate peroxidase, Chromatin remodeling complex, Chapronin-60 protein relative genes expression increased than control plant and this increase were more obvious in tolerant genotype compared to susceptible ones. Therefore, chickpea tolerance responses to cold stress occur after TiO2 NPs application on plants accompanied with upregulation of transcription level regulator and protective genes and genes involved in ROS scavenging. This improves the ability of survival or recovery of cell damage during cold stress in chickpea plants and probably leads to stable yield in field environments.

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In order to study the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens1732 and salicylic acid on defense enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms and gene expression of limonene hydroxylase using Real time PCR in green mint under drought stress, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design wih three replications was conducted There levels of drought stress including 80% field capacity as a control, 60 and 40% of field capacity and , factor B including biological fertilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated), and factor C as salicylic acid (zero as control and 1 milli molar). The results of experiment showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens1732 and salicylic acid increased the non-enzymatic antioxidant traits of phenol and flavonoid. Also expression of limonene hydroxylase gene as an involving gene in monoterpenes synthesis under stress and treatment of bacteria and salicylic acid was increased. Application of bacteria and salicylic acid treatment did not have significant effect on antioxidant enzymes whereas drought stress significantly increased the antioxidant activities. The results showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens1732 and salicylic acid through non-enzymatic traits of total phenols and flavonoid and enhancement of second metabolites as the first defense reduced the destructive impacts of drought stress. In conclusion the plant showed better resistance and used lower energy for production of antioxidant enzymes.

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Salt stress negatively affects many physiological processes in plants. Some of these effects may involve the oxidative damages of cellular components, which can be created by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevented by antioxidant enzymes. In this study, FeSOD and Ferritin-3 genes expression under salt stress (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 mM Nacl) in peppermint using quantitative real time PCR method were investigated. Samples of the leaf and root were collected 24, 48 hour, one week and one month after exposure to stress. Results showed that expression of FeSOD gene up-regulated by increasing salt stress in both leaf and root, but it was higher and more stable in leaves. Expression of this gene was down-regulated after 24 hour, but up-regulated after 48 hour and one week in the leaves, and down-regulated significantly after one month again. In the roots, the FeSOD gene expression was down-regulated after 24 hour, alike leaves, but up-regulated after 48 hour, one week and one month. The expression pattern of Ferritin gene was various in the leaf and root. In the leaves, expression of Ferritin gene was up-regulated in low concentration of salt stress (25 & 50 mM NaCl), then down-regulated by increasing of salinity levels but in the roots, the gene expression down-regulated in all of the salinity levels. The Ferritin gene expression was up-regulated significantly in the early stages of exposure to the salt stress (after 48 hour), and then down-regulated in late time course of exposure to the stress in the leaves. In the roots, the expression of this gene was down-regulated after 24 and 48 hours and one week exposure to the stress, but up-regulated significantly after one month.

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Plant diseases are the most critical limitation factors in agricultural products. Citrus bacterial blast disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is one of the most common diseases in in citrus gardens except in tropical region of the world. Host plants interact to bacterial pathogenes by inducing of resistance genes. Accumulation of pathogenesis related proteins such as, chitinase, ß-1, 3 and some of the other genes like phenyl alanine ammonia lyase and transcriptional factor WRKY40 are among the defens mechanisms in challengins to pathogens. In this research, the transcript levels of PR2, PR3, PAL and WRKY40 genes were evaluated in sour orange, limequat and okitsu lines in stimulating with Pss using quantitative real time PCR technique at different time courses. After inoculation of citrus lines to Pss, total RNA were extracted from samples at different time courses. Complementary DNA were synthesized and the expression levels of mentioned genes evaluated. Result of this study showed that transcripts levels of PR2, PR3, PAL and WRKY40 genes increased faster and significantly higher in okitsu and sour orange than limequat.

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Drought stress is an important yield-restricting factor in arid and semi-arid areas. Drought tolerance is a multigenic character and it occurs in various stages of growth. Since the mutagenesis is a fast and safe method, it can be used to diversify genetic contents of plant with the purpose of enhancing quantitative and qualitative traits. In this research, expression pattern of some genes involved in ABA-independent pathway in Tabasi Cultivar (drought sensitive) and mutant line T65-58-8 (drought tolerant, treated with 250 gray gamma radiation) were evaluated under drought stress conditions at maturity stage. In order to study the expression of genes involved in production of proline (P5CS, P5CR and P5CDH) and measuring its amount under drought stress and re-irrigation condition, seeds of two genotypes mentioned above were cultured in 24 cm pots. At the anthesis stage, irrigation was stopped until wilting symptoms appeared, then sampling from flag leaf was done at appropriate intervals (two, three, four, five and six days after irrigation stoppage) and also 12 hours, three, four and five days after re-watering. The control treatment underwent sampling simultaneously. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two biological replicates. The results demonstrated that the increment of drought stress led to higher expression of P5CS gene in Tabasi cultivar compared to the mutant line, while P5CR gene was more expressed in the latter. The expression of P5CDH in mutant line decreased, while Tabasi cultivar showed an increase in this regard. After re-irrigation, the expression of P5CS and P5CR in both genotypes decreased compared to the control, whereas P5CDH gene was expressed less and more in mutant line and Tabasi cultivar, respectively. Also, the results indicated that proline concentration in the mutant line increases more than Tabasi cultivar under drought stress, while it decreases in both genotypes as a result of re-irrigation. In general, mutant line T-65-58-8 adopts better remedial responses for expression of genes involved in proline production compared to Tabasi cultivar so as to remain undamaged, and it is probable that the osmolyte pathway underwent some changes as result of exposure to gamma rays.

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In the present study in order to investigate the photosynthetic mechanism of this plant under salinity stress , and 600 mM NaCl were applied for 10 days then plant responses in physiological and molecular levels were assessed and compared to the control plants ( 0 mM NaCl). For this end, the coding sequence of this gene was isolated from Aeluropus littoralis for first time and the bioinformatic investigation were done. Results showed that the chlorophyll amount, the starch content and Sodium excretion of leaves in 600 mM NaCl were significantly (P < 0.05) different from the control. After isolation, the coding sequence of nadp - me gene was recorded to gene bank under accession number of KP122942.1. The nucleotide and protein blasts showed maximum indentity between isolated sequence and sequence of NADP-ME of halophyte Megathyrsus maximus. Also, the protein sequence analysis confirmed that isolated sequence with length of 74 amino acids is a portion from NAD(P)-binding domain. The results of relative expression analysis showed that NADP-ME gene expression in 600 mM NaCl was 2.19 times more than control. According to obtained results in present study, it can be stated that increased expression of nadp-me gene could have effective role in resistance to salinity stress in Aeluropus littoralis.

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Biotic stresses such as Botrytis Disease are the main obstacles in the production of gerbera flowers. In order to identify the genes related to resistance against Botrytis, EST analysis of Gerbera cDND library was performed. 1920 EST sequences of the Gerbera library, infected with Botrytis, from NCBI Genbank were used. All EST sequences were trimmed initially, clustering and assembling that resulted in 1139 unigenes (361 Contigs and 778 Singletons). BLAST X revealed that 688 unigene had significant hit among the Arabidopsis protein database, whereas the remaining unigenes displayed no significant match with no hit. Classifying and gene enrichment analysis of Gerbera EST sequences library with PANTHER software, based on molecular functions, protein classes, and cellular components, put them into 10, 25 and 6 different functional groups, respectively, where 6 groups of them were statistically significant at α=0.01.Gene network of high expression Contigs, revealed that MYB transcription factor family (e.s. MYB73، ATMYB21, RHC1A) that strongly influenced by the Jasmonic Acid pathway, antioxidants genes, genes involved in Ca+2 signaling (e.s. CAM7) and UBQ protein family have a large share of regulatory networks and play a key role in resistance to Botrytis disease. The genes identified in this study could be good candidates for manipulating the resistance to botrytis disease in Gerbera.

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In this study, the induced responses of Kabuli and Desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes to cold stress physio-biochemical and molecular indices have been assayed. Cold acclimation established more readiness in facing up cold stress in Kabuli genotype compared to Desi one so that the minimum damage indices and the maximum enzyme activities were observed under these conditions. Simultaneous change of antioxidative activities related with damage indices electrolyte leakage index (ELI) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) showed that these enzymes accompanied with other defense mechanisms increased cold tolerance in chickpea. Results indicated that there were significant differences in catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) genes expression under thermal treatments. A significant increase of genes expression in Kabuli genotype compared to Desi one showed global patterns programmed cell responses along with increases in antioxidative activities, accompanying with a significant decrease particularly in Kabuli genotype. The short-term cold acclimation increased genetic capacity in chickpea genotypes so that the degree of tolerance in Kabuli genotype was higher than that of Desi one. Such defense and damage indices may be used as cold tolerance marker in evaluation of genotypes in a short-term cold stress profitably in a short time and low cost.

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Today, the use of native feeds such as oak acorn, in order to replace with corn, in the diet of broiler chicken has been considered by the breeders of this industry. Oak acorn contains significant amounts of phenolic compounds such as tannins. Consumption of feeds containing phenolic compounds can affect the genes expression levels of immune system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of oak acorn on expression of interferon gamma, interleukine-2 and interleukine-13 genes in thymus tissue of broiler chickens. In this experiment, three different diets (without oak, diet contains 15% and 20% oak acorn) used for feeding broiler chickens during the 42-day period. At 42 days of age, the total RNA was extracted from thymus tissue of 18 broiler chickens (6 chickens per treatment) and the expression of IL-2, IL-13 and IFN-γ genes was evaluated and compared with the beta-actin reference gene. REST, 2009, V2.0.13 software was used for analysis of gene expression data. The results showed that the expression levels of IL-2 and IL-13 genes were significantly higher in 15% oak acorn in compared to control treatment (P <0.05) but in 20% treatment oak acorn, no significant different was found in mRNA levels of IL-2 and IL-13, while expressions of two genes in compared to 15% oak acorn were significantly lower (P <0.05). According to the results of this study, it seems that consumption of oak acorn in broiler chicken diets at low levels can be observed to increase of the immune system ability in thymus tissue, but increasing the amount of oak acorn could led to suppress of expression IL-2 and IL-13 genes in thymus tissue of broiler chickens.

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The elicitors are biotic and abiotic compounds that by stimulation of defensive responses causes biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. In this research, the expression of KO, UGT85C2, UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 genes involve in production pathway of steviol glycosides in the Stevia rebaudiana were investigated under chitosan, yeast extract and methyl jasmonate as elicitors. For this purpose, the stevia plants were treated by the elicitors in 3 concentrations of 20, 40 and 80 mg/L and then apical leaves were harvested after one month. The results showed that chitosan in the concentration of 20 (mg/L) significantly increased the expression of UGT85C2 and UGT76G1 genes compared to control plants (16 and 5%). Plus, Chitosan in the concentration of 40mg/l significantly increased the expression of UGT85C2 gene (14%). Methyl jasmonate 20mg/l caused the highest expression of KO gene, which increased by 13% in comparison with control plant. Also, the expression of UGT85C2 gene under the concentration of 20 methyl jasmonate showed a significant increase. According to the results, it was found that increasing the concentrations of chitosan and methyl jasmonate had a negative effect on gene expression profiles of steviol glycosides. Yeast extract in the concentration of 40mg/l significantly increased the expression of UGT85C2 and UGT76G1 genes, which showed 11 and 5% increase in expression, respectively. It was specified that concentration of 40mg/l compared to concentrations of 20 and 80mg/l of yeast extract had a better effect on gene expression enhancement. Hence, according to the results, it can be concluded that chitosan and methyl jasmonate at low concentrations and yeast extract in a moderate concentration can stimulate of the gene expression profiles that involved in the production of steviol glycosides, so increasing the amount of chemical compounds can be effective in the production of secondary metabolites in s. rebaudiana.

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Thymus vulgaris is one of the dark Lamiaceae plants in different parts of the Mediterranean and some parts of Asia, and today it is cultivated in different parts of the world, including Iran. The medicinal effects of this plant are related to various compounds, including thymol and carvacrol. This research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were carried out in 4 levels of salinity (control, 50, 100 and 150 mM.). Physiological Aspects and phytochemical yield were evaluated. Expression of genes was evaluated by qRT PCR method and essential oil was analysis by HPLC method. The results showed that salinity stress had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the expression of the studied genes. The highest expression of TvTPS1 (TvTPS5) genes was observed in 100mM treatment and the highest TvDXR expression was observed in 50mM NaCl treatment. The highest levels of thymol and carvacrol were observed in 100 mM NaCl. The 100 mM NaCl concentration increased thymol and carvacrol content by affecting the up and down stream genes of the MEP and thymol biosynthesis pathways through signaling processes.

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The genus Fritillaria is recognized as a medicinal and ornamental plant with various pharmaceutical active ingredients, which have been used in traditional medicine. Isosteroidal alkaloids are the major bioactive components in Fritillaria imperialis which include antihypertensive, anticholinergic, antitumour, antiasthmatic and antitussive activities. SQS is a membrane-bound enzyme that plays an important regulatory role in the sterol biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we identified SQS with a key role in the biosynthesis of the Iso­steroidal alkaloids by selecting Crown Imperia transcriptome profile. There was high sequence similarity with other flowering plant genes, such as Fritillaria thunbergii, Phoenix dactylifera, Fritillaria unibracteata in the NCBI database using Blastx. The result of alignment with clustal w showed that these sequences were been matched in the conserved region. The results of promoter analysis have shown that it includes responsive elements to light, drought, jasmonic acid, auxin, core promoter element, enhancer and the other elements. The presence of these regulatory elements plays a key role in regulating gene expression in different developmental stages responding to environmental and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Finally, expression patterns of SQS in different tissue (leaf, bulb, anther, ovary, sepal, petal and fruit) were assessed in three developmental stages including stem elongation stage, flower development and seed head stage based by qPCR analysis. It suggests that the important role of FiSQS in F.imperialis secondary metabolites biosynthetic. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference for SQS expression level in different tissue and during three developmental stages in, F.imperialis.